Accepted_test

The interactions between an individual and his or her microbiome are complex and must be considered in the context of an individual's molecular portrait of health. The composition of the human gut microbiota can serve as an indicator of the state of the host organism and even its biological age. In a series of studies, we have demonstrated the association between the composition of the human gut microbiota and the success of anti-tumor immunotherapy in melanoma, as well as the severity of a recent coronavirus infection. Biological diversity of the microbiota and a high proportion of butyrate-producing bacteria were predictors of positive outcomes in all cases. Similar trends were observed in the longevity cohorts. We also described respiratory and gut microbiota resistotypes. Resistotype shifts under drug therapy and transfer of antibiotic resistance genes between respiratory and gut biotopes were demonstrated. We also observed changes in resistotypes in the human population during the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on our own experience, we conclude that the human microbiome plastically adapts to the host organism by indirectly influencing the course of infectious and non-infectious diseases. At the same time, the population microbiome also undergoes restructuring, changing the parameters of the population norm.