Accepted_test
The COVID-19 pandemic facilitated global collaboration, resulting in abundant experimental data and novel mathematical models. We aimed to address existing model limitations by developing a modular model of SARS-CoV-2 infection and immune responses. Utilizing the open-source platform BioUML, we employed ordinary and delay differential equations to construct the model. Through calibration and optimization using numerous time-series experimental data we successfully validated the model. With the developed model, we successfully replicated various disease severity scenarios and investigated the impact of age and SARS-CoV-2 variants on disease outcomes. Additionally, we modeled immune responses in HIV-infected individuals. The developed modular model, comprising 31 ODEs and 114 parameters, offers insights into disease progression and treatment strategies. It serves as a foundational tool for simulating infectious diseases and is publicly available on GitLab.